3、INTRODUCTION引言
这部门是对整篇文章的高度归纳综合或浓缩,故要简朴、明白。常用的词汇和句型有:Somebody studied(examined investigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,though evaluated,observed,…)。运用这些动词,所回收的时态凡是是一般已往时和此刻完成时。被动语态也多如牛毛,常见有:This study was taken to ex-amine… ;Patients with…were followed up for+时间;It is showed that… ;It is concluded that… ;Indicationswere obtained that… ,等。末了时常用的表达要领有:The results indicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express…)that… ;These findingshave special importance in showing that… ;The find-ings have general significance in that… ;This possibilityis strengthening by the observation that… ,等等。例:
Enzyme Linkel Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)isused to the detection for antibody of anti-thy oglobulinin normal human serum,cord serum,and amniotic flu-id.The results demonstrate that it seemed to be an cer-tain rule that the lower appeared in the amniotic fluid,the highest in cord serum.Antibody is decreasing for anormal level with the grown-up age after birth.It isthus concluded that antibody of anti-thyroglobulin wemeasured may play a certain significance in diagnosis ofcretinism by ELISA.作者回收ELISA对正凡人的血清、脐带血清和羊水中的抗甲状腺球卵白抗体举办了测定。其功效有必然纪律:抗体在胎生期首先呈现,临盆时浓度达岑岭,尔后随年数增长逐渐降至正常程度。故测定该抗体对处所克汀病之诊断有必然意义。
1、TITLE标题
既然是标题,不问可知,就要力争新颖、简明、简要,譬喻以下几个例子。Advances in Control of Cancer Pain节制癌肿疼痛要领的希望。Semiquantitatie Analysis of the Autoradiographs放射自显影半剂量阐明The Higher the Diffusion Rate,the Higher thdChance of Each NewlyIodinated Tgb Molecule Cominginto Repeated Contact with the Peroxidase Site at theApical Membrane弥散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子与实膜过氧物酶部位所打仗的时机越多。
5、RESULTS AND DISCUSSION功效和接头
这一部门内容须视论文的种别而有所差异,但就该题目而论,则多系试验研究和技能陈诉一类。还可以用以下名称等:TEST AND EQUIPMENT(试验与设备),MATERIALS AND METHODS(质料及要领),EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE(试验进程),DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT(试验描写),可能只写PROCEEDURE(进程),及METHODS(要领),较常见的句式有:Sb or Sth was(were)tested at… ;Sb or Sth participated in this study;可能The equip-ment which was used(consisted of,constructed from,furnished to…by,…)is… .例:Three groups of sub-jects participated in this study:(a)18 patients(10 menand 8 women with a medianage of 46 year,range 24～69)with chronic renal failure with anuria…介入本研究的有:(a)18例无尿慢性肾衰竭患者,个中男性10人,女性8人,平均年数为46岁,年数范畴为24～69岁… …。The test equipment which was used consisted of acupboard complete with temperature measuring trans-ducers and recording equipment.所有的试验装置由一个配有测温传感器和记录器的小柜构成。
这个项目是全文的重点,其篇幅约占整个文章的一半或三分之二。它将对研究、试验、调查等功效加以阐明和接头,个中包罗曲线、图表和照片等。多半回收分题逐一接头的要领。常用语有:The test(experi-mental)results presented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)…that… ;It should be noted that…等。例:Ourresults have shown that T-cell deplection iseffective inthe prevention of acute and chronic GVHD.我们的功效已经说明,T细胞缺失对防范GVHD有效。
有些杂志,某些作者除回收正标题之外,还回收副标题,这种环境在海外刊物上的种种论文中可谓俯拾等于。回收副标题,一般是在正标题过于简朴、笼统的环境下,起到增补和系统说明正题等的浸染,或是要强调某一个方面或几个方面,以其引起读者留意等等。Ultra-Low-Volume Administration:SystemsEvaluation and Date Analysis超低量用药一系列评价和数据阐明(增补正题)。Medical Chemotherapy Works forBreast Cancer with Involved Nodes医学新闻:帮助性化学疗法对伴有淋投合转移的乳腺癌奏效(说明上题)。Unresolved Issue:Do Smokers Catch Less LungCancer?尚未办理的问题:抽烟者患肺癌少吗?(提醒人们留意抽烟者患肺癌的数量增加)。
以往研究评论 尚有用其它题目标,譬喻:REVIEW OF LITER-ATURE(文献评述),LITERATURE CITED(文献引述),PRIOR RESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPAST DESIGNS(已往的某些设计),BACK-GROU-ND(配景质料),等等。而这些资料引文的重点要放在引述与本文有关的以往研究的功效,不然会喧宾夺主。句式常有Sb.et al.tested(reported,gave,car-ried out experiment on… ;Sb found(showed…)that… .尚有若干差异的其它表达要领,写在下边:our exper-iments show that… ;The present study was undertakentoidentify… ,Date are presented that suggest… ,Ourresults supported… ;The distribution has reported by… ;Our laboratory has undertaken a reexamination of… ;This article(paper)documents… ;We trace(evi-dence)…This model extends… ;Our findings demon-strate… ;We reasoned that… ;The effect…were evalu-ated by means of… ;The present results add some fur-ther elements to… .A recent study analyzed he effect of aspirin(ASA)on primaryhemostasis in uremia,measuring bleedingtime(BT).It was found that the same dose of ASA pro-longed BT more in uremic that in control subjects,sug-gesting platelets were more susceptible to the inhibitory-of ASA.This might be due to different ASA pharma-cokinetics and bioavailability that might be influenced bythe uremic condition.新近一项研究阐明白乙酰水扬酸对尿毒症第一期出血的影响,测定了出血的时间。我们发明,同样剂量的ASA均可耽误出血时间,而尿毒症受验者比比较受验者要多。这提示尿毒症的血小板对ASA的抑制更具敏感性。这大概是由于ASA的药物动力学和生物可用性差异所致。
有时,为了制止标题太长而利用缩写词。Effect of LATS(=Long-Acting Thyroid Stimula-tor)and LATS Protectoron HTACA(=Human Thy-roid Adeny Cyclase Activity)长效甲状腺刺激素和长效甲状腺刺激素掩护物对人体甲状腺甙酸环化酶活性的浸染。思量文章较长,可在统一的标题下,用差异的副标题分成若干相对独立的篇章。譬喻:Factors Influ-encing one's Ability to Adopt to Chronic Illness影响小我私家对慢性疾病适应本领的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技能学;(3)FAMILY RELATION-SHIPS家庭干系;(4)DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL成长程度(研究尺度);(5)CULTURAL VALUESAND BELIEFS文化代价和信仰。
