论文写作网

　　［1］ Bazerman C. Shaping written knowledge ［M］. Madison Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press 1989.
　　英文医学研究性论文媒介部门利用第一人称代词复数形式原因之一是基于这样一个事实，即大大都的医学研究都不是由一小我私家完成的 因此“we” “us” 和“our”自然地强调了所有参加了研究事恋人员的孝敬. 原因之二是第一人称代词复数形式有助于缩短研究者本人和读者之间的间隔 因为“we”和“us”不只是指作者和读者社交和寒暄的脚色 并且还表白作者和读者两者之间研究事情和研究方针的一致性. 最后一个也是最为重要的原因就是作者要在此强调他们本身对这一研究和这一研究规模所做出的小我私家孝敬. 语步3（占据研究职位）通过概述研究目标、传递当前研究状况及传递主要发明来实现作者与读者的对话、强调本人对这一研究所做的孝敬. 中国医学作者利用第一人称代词复数主格形式远远低于外国医学作者 一方面是由于中国医学作者一直以来所接管的教诲造成的，认为科学研究具有客观性，应客观地、非人称地报道出来，因此中国人在撰写研究性论文中更多的利用被动语态及用一些抽象名词如“purpose aim goal”作主语，而不是用主动语态、第一人称代词“we”，来表达他们在这一研究规模中的研究职位，这显然没有充实地说明或突出他们对这一研究规模所做的孝敬，没有完全到达他们与读者和编辑之间的有效交换. 另一方面，对象方在文化方面及思维模式上的差别也表此刻了学术方面. 西方人的小我私家主义取向使得他们敢于蔑视权威，突出自我 强调他们在学术方面的小我私家孝敬. 而东方人的集团主义取向以及中国人的中庸之道使得中国粹术作者不习惯于“冒尖”，不习惯于突出自我，而隐埋本身则有一种安详感. 这两种文化上的差别在某种水平上造成中外医学作者在如何对待本身和如何对待本身的研究成就方面存在明明的差异.
　　1.1 质料我们成立了两个英文医学科研论文媒介部门的数据库，即中国作者撰写的媒介部门语料库（CMW）和英语为母语的外国作者所撰写的媒介部门语料库（NMW）. CMW由中国出书的10种焦点期刊及源期刊英文版随机选出的50篇最新的英文医学研究性论文媒介部门构成；NMW由美国及英国出书的4种最具权威的期刊中随机选出的20篇最新医学研究性论文媒介部门构成. 所选外国期刊为：The Journal of the American Medical Association (J1) The New England Journal of Medicine (J2) The Lancet(J3) The British Medical Journal (J4). 中国期刊英文版为: Chinese Journal of Traumatology (J5) Chinese Medical Journal (J6) ACTA Pharmacologia Sinica (J7) ACTA Biochimica et. Biophysica Sinica (J8) Science in China Ser. C Life Sciences (J9) Chinese Medical Science Journal (J10) World Journal of Gastroenterology (J11) Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics (J12) Asian Journal of Andrology (J13) Cell Research (J14).
　　但就提出研究方针和目标而言 外国医学作者多用we aimed to 而中国医学作者多用the aim/purpose of the research is/was…，或 the research/study was to…. 譬喻 The purpose of this study was to determine whether TP could reduce the chronic CsA nephrotoxicity and the xpression of TGF in tubular and interstitial cells in the rate model of CsA?induced chronic ephrotoxicity. (J8?7) The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the relationship between gastric H pylori infectionand reflux esophagitis (RE) BE and gastric IM in China. (J11?3)The present study was to investigate the effects of Res on the secondary spinal cord edema. (J7?6)study was undertaken to review our results in treating compromised abductorswith tension band in revision total hip arthroplasty. (J5?4)The present study aimed to make a comprehensiveanalysis on phyulogenetic relationships of the family yprinidae based on complete cytochrome b gene sequences. (J9?2)The present study is to clone its homologue from rat testis. (J14?2) We aimed to establish if asymptomatic ubduralhaemorrhages arise after delivery to assess their frequency and to ascertain their resolution. (J3?3)
　　3 接头
　　1.2 要领我们回收ESP体裁阐明要领(语步-步调法)［3］和比拟研究定量阐明要领［4］通过上下文阐明别离找出中外医学作者所撰写的媒介部门每个语步中的人称代词，并别离记录它们呈现的频数，并计较出它们在媒介部门所有词中利用的千分比将两个语料库中所得出的功效用卡方举办比拟阐明研究. 我们回收ESP体裁阐明要领（语步-步调法）和比制定性阐明要领，别离找出中外医学作者所撰写的媒介部门每个语步中的人称代词，计较人称代词在中外作者所撰写的50篇和20篇中利用的百分比 将两个语料库中所得出的功效用卡方举办比拟阐明研究.
　　引言
　　【参考文献】
　　［4］ Chih?Hua Kuo. The use of personal pronouns: Role relationships in scientific journal articles［J］. English for Specific Purposes 198813(2): 149-170. 　　【要害词】 英文;医学论文;媒介; 人称代词; ESP体裁阐明法; 比拟研究阐明
　　［2］ Myers G. The pragmatics of politeness in scientific texts［J］. Applied Linguistics 19894: 1-35.
　　【Abstract】 AIM: To investigate and contrast the personal pronouns used in introduction sections of English medical research articles written by Chinese medical writers (CMWs) and native English speaking medical writers (NMWs). METHODS: The personal pronouns used in 50 introduction sections written by CMWs and 20 ones by NMWs were investigated and compared using ESP genre analysis and the contrastive approach. RESULTS: The first personal pronouns were found mainly used in their plural forms in subjective cases and more favorably used in the introduction sections written by NMWs (85%) than those by CMWs (54%) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Chinese medical writers use significantly less the first personal pronouns than their native English speaking counterparts which may in some way result from their difference in thought pattern and culture transfer.
　　科学研究凡是被认为具有客观性，因此科研报道也凡是被人们认为必需是客观的、非人称的［1］. 但作为研究者本人，在其科研报道中，除了客观地报道其科研成就、成绩之外，他们还须一方面表白其研究的意义以及其研究对这一学科所做出的孝敬，另一方面他们又要谦虚地吸引编辑和他们的读者，也就是他们要获得编辑和读者的附和和接管，以到达研究者本人同编辑和读者之间的交换［2］. 从语言学角度来说，医学作者的这一寒暄目标可通过运用一些规矩计策、信息组成以及详细的词汇、语法布局，好比说人称代词来实现. 我们认为某一人称代词的选用凡是能展现作者如何对待本身以及表白作者同读者、同行的干系［2］.
　　【Keywords】 English; medical research article; introduction; personal pronouns; ESP genre analysis; contrastive analysis
　　本研究探讨了人称代词的利用是如何表白作者在研究中的浸染、中外学术作者所撰写的英文医学研究性论文媒介部门中人称代词利用的差别及原因.
　　1 质料和要领
　　【摘要】 目标：探讨和比拟人称代词在中外医学作者撰写的英文医学研究性论文媒介部门中的利用环境. 要领：回收ESP体裁阐明法以及比拟研究法对50篇和20篇别离由中国医学作者和母语为英语的外国作者所撰写的英文医学研究性论文媒介部门中的人称代词利用环境举办统计、比拟、阐明研究. 功效：两个语料库中英文医学研究性论文媒介部门利用的人称代词主要为第一人称代词复数主格形式we. 英语为母语的外国医学作者利用第一人称远远高于中国医学作者 具有显著性差别. 结论：中外作者在思维方法、文化和语言的迁移方面存在差别.
　　Application of personal pronouns in introduction section of English medical research articles
　　2 功效
　　中外医学作者在两个数据库中共利用了66个第一人称复数的主格、宾格和所属格形式 个中主格占绝对大都；未发明第一人称代词单数和第二、三人称代词单复数形式; 中外医学作者每千字别离利用了2.37和3.81第一人称代词复数的主格形式，具有显著性差别(P<0.05). 在中外医学作者所写50篇和20篇媒介中，别离有27篇(54%)和17篇(85%)利用了第一人称代词复数的主格形式，注：‰: 第一人称代词复数在由5251词所构成的NMW和由13918词所构成的CMW中的千分比；NMW：外国医学作者撰写的媒介部门语料库；CMW：中国医学作者撰写的媒介部门语料库.在中外医学作者撰写的媒介中 第一人称代词复数we后接动词的主动语态为媒介部门中主要的利用形式. 作者在语步3中通过提出研究理论或要领、告诉研究的目标以及陈诉其研究功效或发明 来说明作者本身在研究中做了哪些事情. 譬喻：We investigated differential expression of these genes in various tissues and under various stresses or conditions allowing us to develop a greaternderstanding of the importance of the PI pathway. (J14?7)We used the full?length HPO (15ku) fused to GAL4 DNA?binding domain as bait in the yeast two?hybrid system to creen a human testis cDNA library. (J12?2) We designed a series of primer pairs based on the equences of the conserved regions of the rat and monkey homolous gene cDNA. (J8?3) We ompared the hormonal patterns in volunteers participating in a contraceptive trial with levonorgestrel implants and testosterone endcannoate injectable at an aim to identify possible factors contributing to the differences in spermatogenic suppressionbetween esponders and non?responders in Chinese men. (J13?1) In this study we observed the clinical efficacy of CVVH in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. (J6?2)We developed a fluorescent polymerase chain reaction ethod according to the published genome sequence of the SARS?associated coronavirus. (J6?3)We examined a number of local populations of D. lacertosa almost covering the known geographic range of this pecies. (J14?5)Here we report the results ofthe second planned interim analysis which we are releasing in accordance with the recommendation of the independent data and safety onitoring committee. (J2?1) We present a review of OSAS children diagnosed between January 1997 and December1998 and their outcomes. (J6?4) In this study we identified a novel human testis specific gene TSP1 which encodes a putative bHLH?Zip transcription factor. (J13?4) We conducted a case?control study using data from the Massachusetts Department ofpublic Health?s Complaint and Incident Reporting System and from MDs assessments to provide a broad examination of the types of injuries that result from resident?to?resident violent incidents. (J1?3) We present new data on the health insurance coverage characteristics of adolescents …. We assess the health insurance status of dolescents …. We then examine trends in adolescent health care coverage …. (J1?4) We prospectively studied a large community?based sample of persons in whom plasma ariuretic peptide levels were routinely measured and who were followed for the occurrence of major cardiovascular events and death. (J2?5)We have found this technique particularly useful where traditional fixation techniques are inadequate because of trochanteric comminution or deficient bone stock. (J8?5)
　　［3］ Swales JM. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings［M］. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990:111-166.