论文写作网

　　示例： 　　Parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a primary source of caloric support in adult and pediatric patients with gastrointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with the administration of TPN, including a significantly increased ncidence of gallbladder disease [3-5,7]. The data here suggest that cholecystectomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder disease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant risks.[说明研究配景，包罗意义] Of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbladder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “is one of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is associated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A review of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is performed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, and the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] Glenn [11] has reported a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients underthe age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mortality observed in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, were far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients whose mean age was 29 years. 　　[提出本研究主要发明并将其与其他研究发明对较量] 　　Our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who require long-term TPN that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidity associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.[以下，作者用较大篇幅阐明白这类病人灭亡率和并发症增高的临床、尝试室和手术等方面的原因，原文从略] 　　Based on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Obviously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystectomy unless there specific medical contraindications. These operations should be performed in a timely, elective fashion because delay may result in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already high risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectoy may not be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallbladder disease [20], we believe that this axiom does not apply to patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Out data suggest that the natural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving TPN is considerably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Based on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients receiving TPN when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomy should be considered, especially in children without stones who are undergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [从对功效的阐明及与其他研究的较量得出结论性意见，这是接头部门最重要的内容 ] Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits the results of further studies. [前瞻研究]
　　详细要求：
　　现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考文献中最常见的5种名目罗列如下：
　　D． 与现有发明（若有）举办较量（comparison in the context of other studies）
　　A． 扼要说明研究配景（background）
　　9）照片和说明 总的要求：与6）、7）部门沟通。 　　2. 叩谢部门
　　7）插图 　总的要求：Design your figures for the appropriate reduction, 即：插图要按杂志的版面巨细比例举办压缩；不要把插图拍成照片
　　3） Cancer in South Africa [editorial]. S Afr Med J 1984; 84: 15. [无作者名]
　　3. 参考文献
　　1） Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. [尺度杂志文章]
　　结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部门，主要原因是作者要对研究功效和发明举办阐明、揣度、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维本领和英语文字组织本领。另外，这部门时态较量巨大，要分清尝试进程和功效（已往时）与阐明意见（确定：此刻时；不确定或假设：已往时）的区别；他人研究功效（已往时或此刻完成时）与本研究功效（已往时）的区别；普遍合用的结论（此刻时）与只合用本研究的结论（已往时）的其别等。因此，对付however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等词（组）的利用以及we believe (think / consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入语的利用就显得分外重要。
　　B． 扼要先容总的发明（general findings）；
　　C． 先容详细要点（introduction of points）
　　1. 接头部门
　　E． 意义（suggested meaning）
　　总的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 既：按照各杂志的详细要求，因为各杂志对参考文献部门的编排顺序和名目不尽统一。
　　8）表格 　总的要求：A table should be a totally self-contained unit of information, 即：表格要作为一个独立的信息单元另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整（标题、内容和脚注），纵然只有一张表格也要标Table 1。
　　5） Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993; 325-33 [无期无卷]
　　6) 插图说明 　总的要求：Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spacing, starting on a separate page, 既：插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有箭头（arrow）、标记（symbol）、数字（number）或字母（letter）时，要在这部门（不是在插图页上）对其偏向、位置等作出很是明晰的说明。
　　G． 前瞻研究（future studies）
　　2） The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical excise stress testing:Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 282-4. [作者是个组织]
　　总的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement, 即：叩谢词和叩谢方法必需征得受谢人或单元的同意。
　　要害词：医学科研
　　F． 结论（conclusion）
　　总的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem,即：与先有研究对比，本研究有何意义。
　　4） Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: 275-82. [某杂志增刊]